The effective parameters on wheat yield, are optimum use of tillage and planting methods. Therefore, the effect of planting and tillage methods on raised bed planting systems should be evaluated for irrigated wheat. This study was performed in the form of a split-block experimental design with six treatments and five replications. Three levels of tillage operations including (1) conventional tillage using mouldboard plough and disc harrow (P), (2) cultivating top of the beds and reshaping (C1), (3) cultivating in furrows and the top of beds and reshaping (C2) were considered as main plots. The number of rows on a bed involving (1) two rows (R2), and (2) three rows (R3) were considered as sub-plots. Parameters such as soil cone index, weight of thousand kernels and wheat yield were measured. Results indicated that between tillage treatments were not difference for soil cone index. On the other hand, the average wheat yield in the tillage treatments was about 5.4 t/ha and yield for three planting rows on each bed was 2.5% more than two rows planting on each bed. Using cultivator for tillage operation reduced the number of operations and also reduced the tillage operating cost of 80% compared to using mouldboard ploughing. Therefore, using cultivator and planting three rows on each bed (C1R3) is recommended for planting irrigated wheat.

Wheat-forage corn is the most common rotation in irrigated land of Iran. The wheat conventionally is sown on the flat bed where the forage corn is planted on the raised beds typically 30-35cm wide with 75cm spacing between furrows. Using two different seed bed shapes for the consecutive crops is a limiting factor for implication of no-tillage or minimum tillage systems. To evaluate the possibility of applying a minimum tillage system in this rotation, hence the performance of wheat planted on raised beds need to be investigated. In a field experiment conducted at Kabootar Abad Research Center on a clay loam soil in 2002, the wheat broadcasted on flat bed was compared with grain drilling in two and three rows on the raised beds. This followed by the evaluation of the minimum tillage (reshaping the ridges used for wheat) and the conventional tillage (plowing + forming new ridges) for subsequent forage corn planted in one and two rows on raised bed. The parameters measured for comparing of wheat treatments were grain yield and yield components, biomass and the plant height. These were number of established plants, plant spacing, biomass and dry yield for the treatments applied in corn planting. The results showed that there was no significant difference in yields between the bed shapes (flat and raised-bed) used in wheat cultivation. For treatments with the equal number of seed row on ridges, the minimum tillage had no significant difference in biomass yield and stand establishment compared with the conventional tillage. It seems that the raised-bed planting for wheat and maintaining ridges for the subsequent corn can be recommended as an alternative method in wheatcorn rotation.

Increasing yield in Rice requires the knowledge of appropriate management methods such as planting date and introduction of new cultivars. This experiment has been carried out at Gorgan Research Station in 2020. It has been done as two separate experiments in a randomized complete block design (normal seeding date and late seeding date), each experiment including seven cultivars (Tarom hashemi, Fajr, Neda, Shiroudi, Tisa, Anam, and Binam) with three replications. Results show that the effects of seeding date have been significant on all studied traits (days to anthesis, days to maturity, high plant, number of tillers, Filled grain number, unfilled grain number, grain yield, biomass, water productivity, and harvest index). On the spring planting date, the highest grain yield has been observed in Neda and Shiroodi cultivars with 9023. 3 and 8675. 5 kg ha-1, respectively. Also, on the spring planting date, the highest water use productivity has belonged to Neda and Shiroodi cultivars with one and 0. 98 kg. m-3, respectively. On the date of late planting, the highest water use productivity has occurred in Tisa and Binam cultivars at 0. 74 and 0. 63 kg. m-3, respectively. Due to grain yield and water use efficiency on spring planting date, Neda and Shiroodi cultivars and in late cultivation of Tisa and Binam cultivars can be introduced to farmers.

Introduction: Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for wheat is only about 30%, but with best management practices it can be improved to higher levels. Optimal nitrogen (N) management is essential for maximum NUE, crop yield and minimum environmental impacts. Applying less N may result in lower grain yields and reduced grain quality. However, higher N application can result in reducing NUE and increasing fertilizer losses. Efficient use of applied N fertilizer improves crop yield and decreases the production cost. N application and recovery efficiencies depend on soil criterias; method and rate of fertilizer application; and planting methods. Improving NUE is one ecological approach for producing higher grain yield. In recent years, some researchers found that suitable management and adoption of appropriate practices could improve agricultural nitrogen use efficiency and crops production would be more efficient. Raised bed planting has shown to improve water distribution and efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, reduced crop lodging and decreased seed rate without sacrificing yield. Planting methods could also affect the vertical distribution of leaf area index and radiation use efficiency of wheat. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of raised bed planting and Urea fertilizer levels on the nitrogen efficiency indices and yield of wheat. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Field, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the growing season of 2015-2016. The main and sub factors were allocated to planting methods (raised bed and conventional methods) and Urea rates such as 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg Urea ha-1, respectively. Investigated traits were grain yield, biological yield, nitrogen content of grain, nitrogen content of straw, and efficiency indices of nitrogen (nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency and NUE). The treatments were run as an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine if significant differences existed among treatments means. Multiple comparison tests were conducted for significant effects using the LSD test. Results and Discussion: Results showed that the simple and interaction effects of planting methods and Urea rates were significant (p≤ 0. 05) on grain yield, biological yield, grain nitrogen content, straw nitrogen content, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency and NUE of wheat. The maximum and minimum grain yield were observed with raised bed planting and 300 kg Urea ha-1 (7545 kg ha-1) and conventional planting and control (3865 kg ha-1), respectively. The maximum and the minimum amounts of nitrogen uptake efficiency were belonged to raised bed planting and control (0. 45 kg N in plant per kg N in soil) conventional planting and 400 kg Urea ha-1 (0. 14 kg N in plant per kg N in soil), respectively. The highest and lowest NUE were related to raised bed planting and control (36. 65 kg N in grain per kg N in plant) conventional planting and 400 kg Urea ha-1 (10. 63 kg N in grain per kg N in plant), respectively. Increasing in Urea rate from 0 to 400 kg ha-1 fertilizer decreased nitrogen use efficiency up to 62 percent. Conclusions: Results showed a higher grain yield and biological yield from planting on raised bed compared with the conventional planting, owing to higher nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency. Biological yield was significantly influenced and higher trend was found with higher dose of nitrogen. There was a trend to improve grain yield with the increase of Urea levels. Grain yield increased in raised bed planting method compared with conventional planting mostly due to more fertile topsoil on the raised beds. Enhancing nitrogen fertilizer led to improve in grain yield and a decrease in NUE.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain yield and yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant yield (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

Lack of water limits the production of crops. In order to evaluate water and economic indicators and soil characteristics of pea under plasticulture and planting bed, a factorial experiment was conducted at Razi University in 2019 and 2020 crop years. The studied factors included plasticulture (without nylon, nylon on the plant and nylon on the soil) and the method of planting in the bed (flat, half-meter furrow, and one-meter furrow). The results showed that the plots with plastic mulch on the soil with a half-meter furrow had the highest soil moisture due to the retention of soil water in most growth stages. According to the two indicators of net profit per unit of water consumed and net income of pea in two years, the nylon treatment along with ridge and furrow, especially treatment of nylon on soil and half-meter furrow, has increased these two indicators, so this treatment can be recommended to increase the farmer's income and preserve soil water resources. It is recommended to use permanent ridge and furrow to reduce costs in future research.

A split-block experiment of three replications was employed to study the effect of residue management and post-irrigation regimes on wheat yield, water use and cost and benefit of treatments. Three levels of residue management including burning entire crop residue (B), removing part of crop residue and using stalk shredder (R), removing part of crop residue, using stalk shredder and moldboard ploughing (RP), were considered as main plots. Three levels post-irrigation regimes including irrigating 7 days after planting (I7), irrigating 14 days after planting (I14), and irrigating 21 days after planting (I21) were considered as sub plots. Results of economical analysis indicated that proper treatment was RI21 that increased profitability by 1220000 Rial/ha relative to the control treatment.

Lactuca undulata Ledeb. is belongs to the family of Asteraceae. One of the most important compounds of this plant is chicoric acid. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of planting bed and conditions culture on cichoric acid production in different populations. For this purpose, collected seeds from regions (Cheshmeh Ali Damghan, Qom, Mirzabailo, Biarjamand and Firoozkooh) were planted in pots with two different kinds of soil (field soil and soil collected from natural habitat) and kept in either outdoor or growth chamber. The other group of seeds was planted in 1×2 m plots in the field. This experiment was conducted using completely randomized design. The current data revealed that the Mirzabailo population that was grown in the growth chamber had the highest growth rate compared to the other populations. Also, Cheshmeh Ali, Mirzabayloo and Firoozkooh entered the reproductive phase with a delay of one month compared to Qom and Biarjamand populations. Among the investigated populations, the amount of cichoric acid in plants grown in pots and outdoors was higher than the samples grown in the field or growth chamber. The highest amount of chicoric acid (1. 24 mg/kg DW) was observed in Firoozkooh population which was grown in pots containing soil of the region. The highest amount of chlorogenic acid (0. 98 mg/g DW) and caffeic acid (0. 50 mg/g DW) were also observed in Cheshmeh Ali population which grown in pots containing natural habit soil. The present results showed that there is high phytochemical diversity among the studied populations.